Mintaka Star Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mintaka Star - Research Paper Example While looking up to the sky during the Tasmanian Summer, it is possible for one to pick up the popular Orion constellation. One of the major captivating features that people see in the Orion belt is the three stars, which people consider to be the giant’s belt. Mintaka is the star that is situated to the westernmost end of the belt, and it is an Arabic word that is associated with a belt. Alnilam is the central star and it refers to â€Å"a belt of pearls†. Alnitak is situated to the easternmost side and it refers to a â€Å"girdle†. All these stars are said to have been formed at the same time and are also situated at an equal distance from earth. Rigel, Saiph, Bellatrix and Betelgeuse stars were formed almost at the same time as the three stars (Gonzalez). When observing all these stars on the celestial sphere, Rigel appears to be the brightest one, and it is characterized by a white/blue appearance, while star Betelgeuse shines brightly with a reddish hue. The other stars have varying degrees of brightness, all emitting whitish color. Like in the case with most constellations, the unique stars which are associated with a unique figure are positioned at varying degrees of distance from the viewing positions that people adopt here on earth but they do not have a mutual â€Å"ancestry.† However, in Table 1, the stars that are situated in Orion’s belt together with the other fainter stars that are above and to the right of the belt share a common distance, which is approximately 1000 light years from earth (Starr).

The Fate Of Drugs And Drug Development Essay Example for Free

The Fate Of Drugs And Drug Development Essay The most appropriate dosage form for administering drugs to pediatric patients is the low-dose liquid format, computed through the patient’s kilogram body weight.   Pediatric patients are generally small in body size and thus a very low dose is sufficient in attaining the desired clinical outcome.   For adults, the maximum dose in tablet or capsule form can be administered. (2)   A drug in tablet or capsule form easily disintegrates in the stomach and the contents are further dissolved as it passes through into the small intestines, where absorption takes place. (3)   Pharmacokinetics pertains to the action of drugs in terms of absorption, as well as metabolism within the human body (Sharan et al., 2009).   This field also deals with the distribution of the drug and its eventual excretion. (4)   Pharmacokinetics involves a specific order of activities with regards to a drug because it describes the actual steps that occur during drug intake.   Before the actual effect of a drug takes place, the active ingredient needs to be absorbed through the intestinal lining and further distributed to the target areas of the body.   Metabolism then occurs which is the incorporation of the drug to the target areas.   Any excess or used drugs are then removed from the body through the process of excretion. (5)   The chemical nature of the drug determines the absorption ability of a drug.   Lipophilic drugs generally enter the cells quickly, due to its similarity in composition to the plasma membrane.   High dosages can also increase the absorption of a drug into cells. (6)   Pharmacodynamics pertains to the effect of a drug in terms of its biochemistry and physiological action in the human body. (7)   One main action of a drug is to stimulate the human body to perform a specific action (Kang and Lee, 2009).   Another type of drugs is the depressant, which slows down specific activities in the body.   There are also cytotoxic drugs that kill specific cells in the body.   Other drugs are aimed to replace certain substances that are lacking or at very low levels in the body. (8)   The general relationship observed is that when a drug response is attained, the serum concentration of that same drug is found to be at its highest dose.   Drug manufacturing is mainly based on the preparation of capsules or tablets that contain the minimum amount of the drug that can exert a response in the human body (Najib, 2009). (9)  Ã‚   An adverse effect of a drug occurs when there are more than enough amounts that are circulating in the body of a patient.   The excess amount can cause damage to the liver of an individual (Marin et al., 2009).   Drug-drug interactions pertain to the effect of one drug on another, if they are administered at the same time.   The presence of another drug may either interfere or enhance the effect of another drug and thus it is important for a physician to know all the drugs that a patient takes before prescribing or administering any new drugs. References Kang, J.S. and Lee, M.H.   (2009).   Overview of therapeutic drug monitoring.   Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 24, 1-10. Marin, J.J., Briz, O., Perez, M.J., Romero, M.R. and Monte, M.J.   (2009).   Hepatobiliary transporters in the pharmacology and toxicology of anticancer drugs.   Frontiers in Bioscience, 14, 4257-4280. Najib, J.   (2009).   The efficacy and safety profile of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, a prodrug of d-amphetamine, for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults.   Clinical Therapeutics, 31, 142-176. Sharan, K., Siddiqui, J.A., Swarnkar, G., Maurya, R. and Chattopadhyay, N.   (2009).   Role of phytochemicals in the prevention of menopausal bone loss: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo, human interventional and pharma-cokinetic studies.   Current Topics in Medical Chemistry, 16, 1138-1157.

Most Significant Events of the 1950s-1990s Essay -- American History

During the course of our American History, there have been events that have changed the course of the nation. In the more recent times, our nation has been through the Civil Rights Movement, Vietnam War, and even the Reaganomics. Despite all the turn of events in the American history, our nation has overcome and survived. Civil Rights Movement of 1954 – 1965 The Civil Rights Movement has been a changing point in the lives of countless minorities. The Civil Rights Movement started in 1954 when Linda Brown was denied entry to a school in Topeka, Kansas due to her race, thus creating the Brown v. Board of Education case. The Brown v. Board of Education case helped mark a turning point for minorities and ruled that it segregation in schools was unconstitutional. In 1955, one of the most famous events in the history of the Civil Rights Movement occurred. Rosa Parks was arrested on December 1, 1955 after refusing to give up her bus seat for a white man. Rosa’s refusal sparked the Montgomery bus boycott. Finally, in 1964, President Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. According to John Simkin, â€Å"The 1964 Civil Rights Act made racial discrimination in public places, such as theaters, restaurants and hotels, illegal. It also required employers to provide equal employment opportunities. Projects involving federal funds could now be cut off if there was evidence of discriminated based on colour, race or national origin.† (Spartacus Educational, 1997) The fight for civil rights has been going on for decades in our nation. During the Civil War, President Lincoln tried to fight to end slavery of African Americans in the south. According to the National Archives and Records Administration, â€Å"Presiden... ...source. Retrieved on August 11, 2008 from http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAcivil64.htm The Watergate Files. August 19, 1974. (Date Unknown) Online Website Resource. Retrieved on August 16, 2008 from http://www.ford.utexas.edu/museum/exhibits/watergate_files/content.php?section=5&page=d The Watergate Files. July 24, 1974 The United States v. Richard Nixon. (Date Unknown). Online Website Resource. Retrieved on August 14, 2008 from http://www.ford.utexas.edu/museum/exhibits/watergate_files/content.php?section=5&page=d Tull, Matthew Ph D., Chronic PTSD in Vietnam War Veterans. (April 3, 2008, Para. 2). Online Website Resource. Retrieved on August 9, 2008 from http://ptsd.about.com/od/ptsdandthemilitary/a/Vietnamlongterm.htm Vietnam War. Vietnam War. (2007). Online Website Resource. Retrieved on August 16, 2008 from http://www.vietnamwar.com/

Kristen Cookie Company

Assignment 1 Operations Management I Kristen’s Cookie Company (A1) Section No. | 5| Group No. | AA1| Total Marks| 50| Marks Obtained| | Sr. No. | Name of Students| Roll No| 1| Ameya Prakash Deopujari| 12506| 2| Mayank Jhawar| 12527| 3| Nitya Agarwal| 12532| 4| Pawanjot Singh Makkar| 12535| 5| Radhika Sharma| 12540| 1 – How long will it take you to fill an order? Ans – Total time taken for a 1 dozen order is 26 minutes as per below table. Activity Involved| Cycle Time| Cumulative time| Order Entry| 0 minute| 0 minute| Washing & mixing| 6 minutes| 6 minutes| Spooning| 2 minutes| 8 minutes|Oven set up| 1 minute| 9 minutes| Bake cookies| 9 minutes| 18 minutes| Remove cookies| 0 minute| 18 minutes| Cool cookies| 5 minutes| 23 minutes| Pack cookies| 2 minutes| 25 minutes| Accept payment| 1 minute| 26 minutes| 2 – How many orders can you fill in a night, assuming you are open four hours each night? Ans – Time taken for preparation of a single order can be divided into 3 parts: Therefore if the tray is ready for the second order (pre baking process) while the first order is in the oven for baking, it would save 8 minutes of time for every subsequent order.When the first order is in process in baking, the pre baking session for the second order will take place for 8 minutes, thus these 8 minutes have been saved. Every order has to undergo both baking and post-baking processes taking 18 (10+8) minutes. But when the first order is in post baking session (taking 8 minutes) then during the 8 minutes second order can be baked saving 8 minutes. 2 minutes will be consumed by second order only as baking process in total takes 10 minutes. Then post baking process of second order will take 8 minutes more. So the second order in total takes 10 (8+2) minutes extra.Now when the second order is in baking then third order can be prepared for pre baking process thus saving 8 minutes again. As second order is in post baking process for 8 minutes, then third order can be baked thus saving 8 minutes. 2 minutes extra will be consumed by third order for baking process. 8 minutes will be consumed then for the post baking process. So the third order will take 10 minutes extra for total processing. Therefore every subsequent order will take 10 minutes only for complete process. Therefore time taken for the preparation of ‘additional x' orders of 1 dozen would be: (26 + 10x) minutesThus if business operates for maximum of 4 hours (i. e. 240 minutes) the maximum no: of orders Kristen Cookie Company can take in 1 day would be 22 dozens as per table below. So from above table it is clear that after the first dozen every subsequent dozen will take 10 minutes only. So 22 dozens taking a total of 236 minutes can be prepared in 4 hours of business. 3 – How much of your own and your roommate’s valuable time will it take to fill each order? Ans – For my roommate time taken to fill each order is:- For me first dozen will take time as per below:- For second & third dozen, time taken will be 2 minutes only as mixing one for the first dozen will be available for second & third dozen also. For the fourth dozen, time taken will be again 8 minutes. This trend will continue for every 3rd order after the first order of one dozen. 4 – Because your baking trays can hold exactly one dozen cookies, you will produce and sell cookies by the dozen. Should you give any discount for people who order two dozen cookies, three dozen cookies or more? If so, how much? Will it take you any longer to fill a two-dozen cookies order than one–dozen cookies order? Ans – For 1 dozen order time taken:- Self – 8 minutesRoommate – 4 minutes Total – 12 minutes For a 2 dozen order time taken:- Self – 6(washing & mixing) + 4(spooning 2 times) = 10 minutes Roommate – 2 minutes (Oven set up 2 times) + 4 minutes (Pack cookies 2 times) + 1 minute (accept payment) = 7 minutes Total – 17 minutes For a 3 dozen order time taken:- Self – 6(washing & mixing) + 6(spooning 3 times) = 12 minutes Roommate – 3 minutes (Oven set up 3 times) + 6 minutes (Pack cookies 3 times) + 1 minute (accept payment) = 10 minutes Total – 22 minutes Let us assume that labor cost is $15 per hour for self & roommate.Order size| Total minutes| Cost/minute| Cost for order| Cost per dozen| Material Cost| Potential Discount| 1 dozen| 12| $15/60 = $0. 25| 12 * 0. 25 = $3| $3| $0. 70| 0| 2 dozen| 17| $0. 25 | 17*0. 25 = $4. 25| $2. 125| $0. 70| 3 – (2. 125+0. 70) = $0. 275 | 3 dozen| 22| $0. 25| 22*0. 25 = $5. 50| $1. 833| $0. 70| 3 – (1. 833+0. 70) = $0. 467| As we observe, we can afford to give a discount for two- and three-dozen orders. A two-dozen order doesn't cost twice as  much as a one-dozen order and a three-dozen order cost much less then thrice a one-dozen order. – How many food processor and baking trays will you need? Ans – The food processor is idle for a long time in the process so only 1 is required. As it can contain atleast 3 dozens of ingredients during the whole process we should have atleast 3 trays as each tray handles 1 dozen of the ingredients. 6 – Are there any changes you can make in your production plans that will allow you to make better cookies or more cookies in less time or at lower cost? For example, is there a bottleneck operation in you production process that you can expand cheaply?What is the effect of adding another oven? How much would you be willing to pay to rent an additional oven? Ans – Producing more no of cookies is dependent upon the baking activity which is the bottleneck operation in the production process. If we install one more oven two dozen cookies will be ready in 28 mins only which is 8 mins less than 36 mins previously. Dozen | Process| Cycle time| start time| end time| 1| Washing ; Mixing| 6| 0| 6| 1| Spooning| 2| 6| 8| 1| Oven set up| 1| 8| 9| 1| Bake cookies(oven 1)| 9| 9| 18| 2| Spooning| 2| 8| 10| 2| Oven 2 set up| 1| 10| 11| | Bake cookies(oven 2)| 9| 11| 20| 1| Cool cookies| 5| 18| 23| 1| Pack cookies| 2| 23| 25| 2| Cool cookies| 5| 20| 25| 2| Pack cookies| 2| 25| 27| | Accept payment| 1| 27| 28| Similarly for 3 dozens the time reduces to 36 mins which is 10 mins less than the previous time Dozen | Process| Cycle time| start time| end time| 1| Washing ; Mixing| 6| 0| 6| 1| Spooning| 2| 6| 8| 1| Oven set up| 1| 8| 9| 1| Bake cookies(oven 1)| 9| 9| 18| 2| Spooning| 2| 8| 10| 2| Oven 2 set up| 1| 10| 11| 2| Bake cookies(oven 2)| 9| 11| 20| 1| Cool cookies| 5| 18| 23| 1| Pack cookies| 2| 23| 25| | Cool cookies| 5| 20| 25| 2| Pack cookies| 2| 25| 27| 3| Spooning| 2| 10| 12| 3| Oven 1set up| 1| 18| 19| 3| Bake cookies(oven 1)| 9| 19| 28| 3| Cool cookies| 5| 28| 33| 3| Pack cookies| 2| 33| 35| | Accept payment| 1| 35| 36| | | | | | Further number 4 dozens will just take 38 minutes. So in terms of costing we can pay that much for the oven per day which is less than or equal to profit on dozens of cookies that can be made in 4 hours (assuming the business is run for 4 hours only). 7 – What happens if you are trying to do this by yourself without roommate?Ans – We have assumed that there is only 1 tray ; the order for 2nd dozen is of the same variety as the 1st dozen. Activity| Cycle Time| Start Time| End time| Order Entry| 0 minute| 00:00| 00:00| Washing ; mixing| 6 minutes| 06:00| 06:00| Spooning (Dozen 1)| 2 minutes| 06:00| 08:00| Oven set up (Dozen 1)| 1 minute| 08:00| 09:00| Bake cookies (Dozen 1)| 9 minutes| 09:00| 18:00| Remove cookies (Dozen 1)| 0 minute| 18:00| 18:00| Cool cookies (Dozen 1)| 5 minutes| 18:00| 23:00| Pack cookies (Dozen 1)| 2 minutes| 26:00| 28:00| Spooning (Dozen 2)| 2 minutes| 23:00| 25:00|Oven set up (Dozen 2)| 1 minute| 25:00| 26:00| Bake cookies (Dozen 2)| 9 minutes| 26:00| 35:00| Remove cookies (Dozen 2)| 0 minute| 35:00| 35:00| Cool cookies (Dozen 2)| 5 minutes | 35:00| 40:00| Pack cookies (Dozen 2)| 2 minutes| 40:00| 42:00| Accept payment| 1 minute| 42:00| 43:00| So we can see that total time required for preparing 2 dozens has increased if all the activities have to be done by me only. 8 – Should you offer special rate for rush orders? Suppose you have just put a tray of cookies into the oven and someone call up with a â€Å"crash priority† order for a dozen cookies of a different flavor.Can you fill the priority order while still fulfilling the order for the cookies that are already in the oven? If not, how much of a premium should you charge for filling the rush order? Ans – * When the priority order is received, the current order is already in oven. By the time the current order cookies are baked in oven, the washing, mixing and spooning operations can be performed for priority order. Post which, there will be an idle time of up to 1 minute for priority order before the oven setup and baking process starts. * For the remaining process, there will be no idle time for priority order. By the time the priority order cookies are baked in oven, the previous order will be ready. * Thus, if a priority order comes when a tray for a current order is already in oven, the priority order can be filled still fulfilling the current order with a maximum delay time of 1 minute for priority order. * No premium should be charged as the process does not affect previous order. 9 – When should you promise delivery? How can you look quickly at you order board (list of pending orders) and tells a caller when his or her order will be ready?How much of a safety margin for timing should you allow? Ans – For Priority Orders:- * The safety margin should be based upon the time required for the prebaking process. This is because if an order received during baking or post baking process, would not need that operation to be stopped intermittently. * Thus if an order is received during washing and mixing proces s, the process will require to be stopped in between. * The prebaking process takes 8 minutes to complete. Thus the maximum margin should be 8 minutes for normal orders in such cases. So previous order would be delayed by a maximum of 8 minutes. 10 – What other factors should you consider at this stage of planning your business? Ans – * Competitors’ strengths and weaknesses. * Potential Customers likes and tastes * Regulations involved * Financing the budgets * Cost Effectiveness of the business proposition * Further investment required * Ways to get cheaper materials * Extra labor required or not 11 – Your product must be made to order because each order is potentially unique. If you decide to sell standard cookies instead, how should you change the production system?The order-taking process? Ans – * Now the cookies can be sold with the USP of being low price and  good quality. * We can bake the cookies before receiving the order and stock it, i nstead of making the  product one by one  according to each unique requirement. * The order-taking process also needs to  change. The consumers don’t need to  use the mail service to place the orders and wait for  pickup. They can come to the room directly to buy it. * If someone needs a large  sum of cookies, they can inform or order  little earlier. * We can have own cookies menu.

Jane Loevinger and Her Theory of Ego Development Essay

Human development is a fascinating subject. Psychologists have long studied the recurrent patterns of how humans develop physically, emotionally, and psychologically. If psychologists can find patters, then they can begin to predict behavior and understand how and why people behave the way they do. Many theories have been put forth to try to explain some of the consistencies people go through as they develop. Jane Loevinger is one of those developmental theorists. Her theory of ego development has been a significant contribution to the psychological world. Loevinger was born in 1918. She grew up in Minnesota as the daughter of a lawyer and homemaker. Her home was comfortable, but not full of a lot of love. After finishing her undergraduate and master’s degree at the University of Minnesota, she ended up at the University of California. There she was a research assistant for Erik Erikson. She learned a great deal during this time about her own thoughts and beliefs about psychology (www. webster. edu). In 1943 she finished her PhD dissertation on the construction and evaluation of tests of ability. Her critique of test reliability made her no friends in the psychometric world, and publications refused to publish her work. She ended up paying for the publication herself. After finishing her dissertation, Loevinger quit working full time to have her two children. During this time she felt the guilt and pressure all moms feel. Working moms feel guilty for all the time they spend away from their children, and stay-at-home moms feel guilty for not doing anything professionally. She also felt discriminated against because of her gender. After working in unfulfilling part-time jobs, Loevinger finally decided to get back to research. She was one of the first psychologists to focus her testing on the demographic of women. She began working with a small group of women, and eventually designed the Sentence Completion Test (SCT) which consists of thirty-four open-ended questions that measures ego development. This test led her to develop her theory of ego development, which states that a person’s ego development follows nine typical phases (psychology-health. today. com). Loevinger’s theory of personality asserts that as people grow, they begin to internalize social rules, become less impulsive, and mature in their decision-making processes. The first stage of development is the infancy stage. This is the very beginning of development and ego. The infant does not know how to do anything but cry when it needs something. No thoughts are about anything other than the self. The impulsive stage is similar; when a young child wants something, they want it now. They are starting to understand consequences at this stage, so there is some awareness of others. The self-protected stage is when children first exhibits self control. They understand rewards and consequences, and are very motivated by them. The next stage, the conformist stage, is when conforming to the group of peers in paramount. There is no identity outside the group, and the disapproval of others is a major problem. Behaviors are judged by what happened, not by the intentions behind them. Finally, in the self-aware stage, there begins to be a bit of maturity. This is when people begin to become individuals. There is more to life than the group, and an inner sense of self is emerging. The conscientious stage takes those ideas even further. Here the person has goals and ideals, a sense of responsibility, and feels guilt not only about breaking a rule, but because of the thought of hurting others. Motives are taken into account as well as actions. During the individualistic stage, there develops a greater tolerance of other people, as well as an awareness of inner conflict. During this stage, the person will pull away from the group toward a more individual identity. People in the autonomous stage show a great deal of maturity. They worry about their needs verses the duties of their lives, they want self-fulfillment, and they can understand more than one point of view. Finally, the integrated stage is reached when a person fully understands their own identity. She is self-actualizing, and can understand behavior motives and intentions of others as well as herself. While not all people will be able to reach this last stage of integration, Loevinger shows a road map of how to get there. I feel her developmental theory is meaningful today, because people still have inner struggles throughout the course of their lives. When I think about all of my friends and family, I can see which stage they are each in. Loevinger contributed a theory that definitely stands the test of time and is relevant to people today. I can also look back over my life and see that some decisions I made were direct results of the stage I was in at the time. I feel like I am always trying to improve myself on the inside, and be a good person on the outside, so I feel I am in the conscientious stage. I know some of my friends who are still in the conformist stage, and this is probably a source for much of our conflict. I cannot understand why they are so concerned with what others think about them, but it might be simply because they have no matured past that stage yet. I think most young adults fall somewhere between the conformist and self-aware stages. That is why so many young adults get into trouble; they follow the group and try drugs or things they would not ordinarily try on their own. The group mentality can be very problematic, and the power it has over young adults is scary. Loevinger contributed a theory of ego development that has made a significant impact on how we understand why we act the way we do. Her stages of development represent specific time frames of life and the decisions that many people make during those times. Her theory is relevant today and still has valid implications for anyone studying human development. References Women’s intellectual contributions to the study of mind and society. Retrieved May 17, 2009, from http://www. webster. edu/~woolflm/loevinger. html Writer 44. Jane Loevinger’s theory of ego development. Retrieved May 17, 2009 from http://psychology-health. today. com/2009/03/01/jane-loevingers-theory-of-ego-development/

Study of the Instrumentation Ltd. recruitment process (Palakkad) The WritePass Journal

Study of the Instrumentation Ltd. recruitment process (Palakkad) Introduction: Study of the Instrumentation Ltd. recruitment process (Palakkad) Introduction:Aim:Prelimnary Review:Research questionaire:Research   Methodology:Nature of research design:Sample Design:SAMPLING METHODTOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTIONSTATISTICAL TOOLS FOR ANALYSISTOOLS FOR ANALYSED DATA PRESENTATIONPlanning And Any Special Resources Required;ReferencesRelated Introduction: Recruitment is the process of locating potential individuals who might join an organization and encouraging them to apply for existing or anticipated job openings. During this process, efforts are made to inform the applicants fully about the qualifications required to perform the job and the career opportunities the organization can offer its employees. Whether a particular job vacancy will be filled by someone from within the organization or from outside will depend on the availability of personnel, the organization’s HR policies, and the requirements of the job to be staffed.   In this scenario, recruitment becomes an inevitable process that has to be done in every organization, which helps to increase the   rate of selection process. Instrumentation Limited is one of the most important valve making organization   in India. To study the recruitment process and the   various methods of recruitment the researcher has carried out the research. Organizations with effective recruitment systems are able to identify right skills and motivations to succeed in the organization. Recruitment is the best method to increase the pool of potential personnel and thus the selection process by filtering the number of under qualified and over qualified job candidate Aim: The main of the aim of research is to study the current recruitment process in Instrumentation Limited, Palakkad. The other objectives of the research are: To identify the various factors affecting recruitment policy and programme. To identify the sources of recruitment with to acquire potential candidate. To understand the recent trends in recruitment Prelimnary Review: To be more effective information’s can be gathered from the staffs on their perceptions on the quality of recruitment. The  Ã‚   business pool and the environment are changing rapidly with the globalization, competition all affecting the production level of the company. Recruitment of employees to right job plays a vital role in the growth of the company. A well planned and well managed recruitment effort will result in high quality candidates and they add as assets to the business or the organization. Increased competition for talent means that recruiting has acquired new importance for managers. Today, many jobs require higher skill levels, to stay apace of their competitors and expand their operations companies have to look for efficient workers. Some of   the   findings on basis of   prelimnary analysis are: 1. 75% of employees said that recruitment is helpful for right man on right job. 2. 67% employees opined that external factors are not affected to do recruitment program. 3. 75% of employees agree that nature of competition for human resources determines the organizational approach towards the recruitment program. 4. 80% of employees are satisfied with the present recruitment program. 5. 55% of employees strongly disagreeing that organization is conducting campus interview. 6. The recruitment cost   is so high because prospective candidate is not joining in the organization 7. 54% of employee’s strongly agreeing that they are aware of the type of personnel to be recruited. 8. 75% of employees opined that both promotion and transfer are provided by the company 9. 85% of employees opined that traditional methods are suited for recruitment. The above findings help us to know the current situation, conditions, trends and what do they expect on recruitment. So that we will be able to take necessary steps now and changes for the future also for a better work life. Instrumentation Limited Palakkad, started its operation in technical collaboration with an international reputed firm Yamataka-Honeywell Company Limited, Japan for the manufacturing of control valves. Later safety valves were manufactured in collaboration with M/s ETSL Bernard, France. The unit in Palakkad concentrates mainly on pneumatically operated control valves. Recognizing the quality and reliability of the products , the stress they given for research and development made me interest towards them and to make a case study about their recruitment of   candidates as a resource for the company Research questionaire: How the current recruitment process takes place. What are the various factors affecting recruitment policy and programme. What are the sources of recruitment with to acquire potential candidate. To understand the recent trends in recruitment Research   Methodology: The context of the case study is to examine and evaluate on Instrumentation Limited, Palakkad, India. In research method many ways of work processes are used to get accurate result as possible. The research is to examine the recruitment process, sources of recruitment to acquire the candidate and the factors affecting the policy and programme of recruitment. Nature of research design: The research design used here is descriptive research design. In descriptive research the researcher has no control over the variables. Sample Design: POPULATION The population in the organization is 633. SAMPLE UNIT The sample unit is the employees from various departments in the organization. SAMPLE SIZE The sample size chosen for study is 60 employees SAMPLING METHOD The method used is simple random sampling. 6.4 COLLECTION OF DATA The data necessary for the study has been collected from primary and secondary sources. a) Primary Data The primary data are those, which are, collected a fresh and for the first time and thus happen to be original in character. The primary data is collected for specific purpose, in this study, these data are collected by means of questionnaire and interview schedule. b)   Secondary Data The secondary data means data that are already available; it may be either published data or unpublished data. Secondary data for the case study or the research will be collected from company websites, recruitment policy of the organisation and articles, magazines and books. TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION Questionnaire and interview schedule are used to collect data. This will be used for further analysis. STATISTICAL TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS Simple percentage method is used to analyze the data. This will give the statistical information for analysis. TOOLS FOR ANALYSED DATA PRESENTATION Tables Column chart Pie diagrams This diagrams will give us a brief idea about the data’s that we have to analyze and will give a quick view of the data’s that are present. Planning And Any Special Resources Required; Proper information’s given by the staffs working in the Instrumentation Limited will help to collect data’s or information’s that are necessary for the statistical and data analysis. And also collect data’s through voice calls, websites to make it more flexible. References BOOKS REFERRED IAN BEARDWELL LEN HOLDEN, Human Resource Management, Published by Pitman Publishing, a division of Pearson Professional Ltd, London 4TH edition H.JOHN BERNADIN, Human Resource Management, published by Tata McGraw-Hill 5 th edition 3rd edition C.B.MAMORIA S.V.GANGER, Human Resource Management, published by Himalaya Publishing House 4 th edition WAYNE.F.CASCIO, Human Resource Management, published by Tata McGraw-Hill 5 th edition LAWRENCE.S.KLEIMAN, Human Resource Management, published by Biztantre an Imprint of Dreamtech Press. 6 th edition

Confucius And Confucianism Essays - Confucianism, Chinese Philosophy

Confucius And Confucianism Essays - Confucianism, Chinese Philosophy Confucius and Confucianism LIFE OF CONFUCIUS Confucius was believed to have been born in 551 BC., in the state of Lu, known today as the Shandong province. His parents, who died while he was a child, named him Kong Qui. Confucius was derived from the Latin word Kongfuzi which means Great Master Kong. Confucius was the most influential and respected philosopher in Chinese history. His ideas were the single strongest influence on Chinese society from around 100 BC. to the AD. 1900's. The Chinese government made his ideas the official state philosophy and many nearby countries honored his beliefs. Confucius wanted to gain the position as an adviser to a wise ruler, but he failed. He hoped to do this in order to be able to employ his ideas for reforming society. If it wasn't for the disciples of Confucius his teachings would have never been spread around China, and he would have never been made known. His teachings were never written down by him, but his conversations and sayings were written down by his disciples in the analects. CONFUCIANISM Confucianism was the single most important thing in Chinese life. It affected everything in China; education, government, and attitudes toward behavior in public and private life. Confucianism is not a religion, but it is more a philosophy and a guide to morality and good government. At the time Confucius was born, China was in a conezt state of war, and rapid political change altered the structure of Chinese society so much that people no longer respected the established behavioral guidelines. Confucius stated that the ideal person was one of good moral character. The ideal person was also truly reverent in worship and sincerely respected his father and his ruler. He was expected to think for himself, guided by definite rules of conduct. As Confucius said, he was expected to take "as much trouble to discover what was right as lesser men take to discover what will pay". Confucius believed that this type of behavior by rulers had a greater effect on the people than did laws or codes of punishment. So when these types of people were rulers, their moral example would inspire the people to lead good lives. Confucius died sometime around 479 B.C., and his philosophy was not very well known. If it weren't for his disciples his ideas would probably still be unknown. Confucius never wrote anything down himself; his disciples wrote all of his sayings down in a collection of books called the Analects. These contain all that modern day man knows about Confucius. There existed two important Confucian philosophers-Mencius (390-305 BC) and Xunzi (mid 200's B.C.). They held beliefs similar to Confucius but they were somewhat different. Mencius's viewpoint was that people were born good, and that they had to "preserve the natural compassion of the heart". Xunzi opposed this by saying that people could be good and live peacefully only if their minds were shaped by education and conduct. Both of these ideas parallel Confucius', in that they both state that people can be good. Confucianism was concerned primarily with the needs of society, and unlike Buddhism and Taoism, not the ability for a person to live in harmony with nature. Beginning in the 200's B.C. Buddhism and Taoism began to affect and reshape the ezdards of Confucianism, and things such as nature came into play. Around A.D. 200 to 600, there was a rapid decline in the Confucian Beliefs in China. This was partly because Confucianism now had to compete with Buddhism and Taoism, which were developed around this time. These religions were to Confucianism as night is to day, in other words, they were exact opposites. Buddhism and Taoism were largely concerned with the meaning of suffering and death, while Confucianism largely ignored these. The revival of Confucianism began around the 600's and was fully revived by the 700's. In the 1100's, there was a movement lead by Zhu-Xi called the Neo-Confucianism movement. He developed a branch of this movement known as the rational-wing, it dealt with the study of Li, the relationship between humans and nature. Another branch was called the intuitional-wing and it dealt mostly with enlightenment by a combination of meditation and moral action.In the 1900's there was a

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Five Ages of Man in Greek Mythology According to Hesiod The classic Greek Five Ages of Man came from an 8th century BCE poem written by a shepherd named Hesiod, who along with Homer became one of the earliest of Greek epic poets. He likely based his work on an unidentified older legend, possibly from Mesopotamia or Egypt. An Epic Inspiration Hesiod was a farmer from the Boeotian region of Greece who was out tending his sheep one day when he met the Nine Muses. The Nine Muses were the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (Memory), divine beings who inspired creators of all kinds, including poets, speakers, and artists. By convention, the Muses were always invoked at the beginning of an epic poem. On this day, the Muses inspired Hesiod to write the 800-line epic poem called Works and Days. In it, Hesiod tells a Greek creation story that traces the lineage of mankind through five successive ages or races including the Golden Age, the Silver Age, the Bronze Age, the Heroic Age, and the present (to Hesiod) Iron Age. The Golden Age The Golden Age was the mythical first period of man. The people of the Golden Age were formed by or for the Titan Cronus, whom the Romans called Saturn. Mortals lived like gods, never knowing sorrow or toil; when they died, it as if they were falling asleep. No one worked or grew unhappy. Spring never ended. It is even described as a period in which people aged backward. When they died, they became daimones  (a Greek word only later converted to demons) who roamed the earth. When Zeus overcame the Titans, the Golden Age ended. According to the poet Pindar (517–438 BCE), to the Greek mind gold has an allegorical significance, meaning the radiance of light, good fortune, blessedness, and all the fairest and the best. In Babylonia, gold was the metal of the sun. Silver and Bronze Ages During Hesiods Silver Age, the Olympian god Zeus was in charge. Zeus caused this generation of man to be created as vastly inferior to the gods in appearance and wisdom. He divided the year into four seasons. Man had to work- plant grain and seek shelter- but a child could play for 100 years before growing up. The people wouldnt honor the gods, so Zeus caused them to be destroyed. When they died, they became blessed spirits of the underworld. In Mesopotamia, silver was the metal of the moon. Silver is softer with a dimmer luster than gold. Hesiods Third Age was of bronze. Zeus created men from ash trees- a hard wood used in spears. The men of the Bronze Age were terrible and strong and warlike. Their armor and houses were made of bronze; and they did not eat bread, living mainly on meat. In Greek and older myths, bronze was connected to weapons, war, and warfare, and their armor and houses were made of bronze. It was this generation of men that was destroyed by the flood in the days of Prometheus son Deucalion and Pyrrha. When the bronze men died, they went to the Underworld.  Copper (chalkos) and a component of bronze is the metal of Ishtar in Babylon. The Age of Heroes and the Iron Age For the fourth age, Hesiod dropped the metallurgical metaphor and instead called it the Age of Heroes. The Age of Heroes was a historical period to Hesiod, referring to the Mycenaean age and the stories told by Hesiods fellow poet Homer. The Age of Heroes was a better and more just time when the men called Henitheoi were demigods, strong, brave, and heroic. many were destroyed by the great wars of Greek legend. After death, some went to the Underworld; others to the Islands of the Blessed ones. The fifth age was the Iron Age, Hesiods name for his own time, and in it, all modern men were created by Zeus as evil and selfish, burdened with weariness and sorrow. All manner of evils came into being during this age. Piety and other virtues disappeared and most of the gods who were left on Earth abandoned it. Hesiod predicted that Zeus would destroy this race some day. Iron is the hardest metal and the most troublesome to work. Hesiods Message The Five Ages of Man is a long passage of continuous degeneration, tracing the lives of men as descending from a state of primitive innocence to evil, with a single exception for the Age of Heroes. Some scholars have noted that Hesiod wove the mythic and the realistic together, creating a blended story based on an ancient tale that could be referenced and learned from. Sources: Ganz T. 1996. Early Greek Myth. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.Griffiths JG. 1956. Archaeology and Hesiods Five Ages. Journal of the History of Ideas 17(1):109–119.

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Atokowa Organization Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Atokowa Organization Report - Case Study Example This followed the application of soft system model (SSM) to analyze current issues affecting Atokowa. The same was accomplished through CATWOE analysis. The study further discussed on appropriate recommendations for systems and operations managements whereby possible quality improvement strategies were provided. The TQM was identified as the best system which can improve overall quality performance of the organization. The investigation further covered on the relevant people and management issues which may come up during the implementation of new quality system in the organization. By doing so, possible ways of managing these issues were provided to support the implementation process. The study was summarized through provision of concrete conclusion which summarized the case analysis. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 1.0 Introduction 3 1.1. About Atokowa Advantage 4 2.0 Analysis of Systems and Operations Management of Atokowa Organization 6 2.1. Input Output Model 6 2.2. The use of business process mapping model on Atakowa’s case 8 2.2.1. Use of process mapping model to analyze Atokowa’s case 9 2.3. Decision Making Hierarchy 10 2.3.1. Three levels of decision making 10 2.4. System levels 11 2.4.1. The role of systems to support business processes 12 2.5. Applying Pareto Analysis 12 2.6. Application of soft system methodology 13 2.6.1. CATWOE analysis 13 2.6.2. Current issues in Atokowa 14 3.0. Systems and Operations Management Recommendations 15 3.1. How the organization can improve quality management 15 3.2. Improving the quality management skills of our employees 16 3.2.1 Other important recommendations 16 3.3. The people and management issues which may arise during the implementation of business improvements and quality managements in Atokowa organization 17 3.3.1. How these issues should be managed 17 4.0. Conclusion 18 5.0. References 19 1.0 Introduction According to research, operation management is defined as activities surrounding the management of resources in an organization. Resources in a manufacturing environment are devoted in ensuring efficient production and delivery of goods and services to the market. Information systems on the other hands refers to a layout of interrelated components which are responsible for retrieval, processing, storage and distribution of information which are vital for decision making and control of activities in an organization (Ram, 2005). This study will focus on Atokowa advantage by looking at systems and operation management practices are handled in the organization. The question which should be asked is what are the systems and operations management practices in the company? What are the strengths and weaknesses of these systems and operations practices? And what are the possible recommendations which should be implemented to improve on the systems and operations management practices? Based on this brief introduction, the report will analyze these system and practices by us e of appropriate models so that critical analysis can be provided to give insight on the way systems and operations activities are managed in Atokowa. By applying these models, the main business requirements will be examined thus understanding the way the company operates. The report will explain the possible quality management improvements strategy which may be implemented in the company. It will conclude by providing

African Americans Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

African Americans - Assignment Example The fact that I chose the incorrect answer to half of the questions on the quiz shows that my knowledge of Native American history, culture and contemporary living conditions could be much better. This might reflect something of an ignorance about these issues in society generally. The figures for suicide attempts among young people were shocking. However, perhaps more surprising still was the fact that within a century of Columbus’ landing in the Americas, over 95% of the Native American population had been wiped out, both through violence and infectious diseases. The inhumane treatment of the existing American population by the first European settlers was quite obviously a terrible and dark period at the beginning of modern American history. That Columbus ordered all those on Haiti who failed to provide sufficient quantities of gold to be killed, and the enslavement of many Native Americans, demonstrates a perception on the part of those early settlers that the Native Americans were inferior beings – a perception which we, living in the 21st century, quite rightly find disturbing and incomprehensible. Perhaps the main thing I learnt is that, while terrible injustices were committed against the Native American populations in past centuries, in many ways the deplorable living conditions in which many of their successors live today means that the period of oppression has not yet been brought to an end. It is sobering to consider that this painful era in our nation’s history continues in some sense. Completing this quiz, and reading the historical and social information it provided, makes me consider myself fortunate to live in an America where all Americans really are citizens. While serious injustices remain, we can at least be confident that the modern US provides a better environment in which they can be resolved. As a business person, I am struck by the inequality of opportunity in our country, with Native American young people

How to Replace the LCD Screen in a Laptop Assignment

How to Replace the LCD Screen in a Laptop - Assignment Example The manual also enable the technician to understand how the system works. This manual outlines the steps followed when changing a laptop LCD screen. The first part gives instruction on how to remove the LCD screen while the second part shows how to assemble the laptop This is the first and the most important step. Different manufacturers have different methods of assembling the LCD screen. It is necessary to go through the laptop manual to identify the requirement for opening the laptop and its internal structure. Before opening the laptop, all the power cables should be disconnected. This prevents the risk of shock and also prevents the computer from short circuit which damages the mother board, the processor and other gadgets. Remove the laptop battery, this battery is located at the side where the LCD screen is hinged to the main laptop body. Removing the battery ensures no damage of the delicate electronic circuitry of the laptop. Remove the rubber seals at the all the sides of the laptop screen. These rubber seals can be identified readily as they are in the form of rubber projection. In some laptop designs, countersunk bolts are used without a rubber seal cover. These bolts can be seen by carefully observing the edges. Removing the seal exposes the bolts. A sharp object is used to remove the seals. Figure 2 showing the removal of the rubber seals. ... 7 July 2009 http://www.fonerbooks.com/laptop_6.htm ) (D)Remove the rubber seal Remove the rubber seals at the all the sides of the laptop screen. These rubber seals can be identified readily as they are in the form of rubber projection. In some laptop designs, countersunk bolts are used without a rubber seal cover. These bolts can be seen by carefully observing the edges. Removing the seal exposes the bolts. A sharp object is used to remove the seals. Figure 2 showing the removal of the rubber seals. (Adapted from Fona Books. Dell Laptop Screen Repair - Illustrated how to replace a Latitude notebook backlight and LCD. 2009 7 July 2009 http://www.fonerbooks.com/laptop_6.htm ) (E) Unscrew the bolts Unscrew the exposed bolt. Use a Phillips 'star' screw driver. Keep the bolts in a safe place as they will be used when the set is reassembled. It is important to check position of each screw as some are not the same size. Picture 3 showing unscrewing of the bolts during laptop repair (Adapted from: Fona Books. Replacing LCD Laptop Screen - Illustrated how to replace a laptop screen on PowerBook 180.2009. 7 July 2009 http://www.fonerbooks.com/laptop_6.htm ) (G)Remove the front and side seals Adapted from: Fona Books. Replacing LCD Laptop Screen - Illustrated how to replace a laptop screen on PowerBook 180.2009. 7 July 2009 http://www.fonerbooks.com/laptop_6.htm Remove the side seal; this exposes more bolts, again take note of the bolts positions. Different bolts used have differing lengths and thread types. (H)Removing the LCD bezel Remove the LCD bezel. Do this by wriggling the bezel so that it is released by the latches. Latches are made of plastic. Unhook the bezel from latches

American Politics and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Politics and Society - Essay Example There have been frequent replacements of justices who have kept the Supreme Court attuned to the side of majority opinion. This fact finds support both theoretically, empirically and practically. Chief justice Rodger Taney and John Marshall have been replaced in mysterious circumstances. These replacement mechanisms have not been proven to be effective since the American citizens have occasionally raised eyebrows to the decisions made by the Court. There has been a definite number of years that a chief justice should remain in power. Between 1972 and 2004, a new justice could be appointed after a period of 4 years (Olshansky, 2010, p 90). In the recent past, justices have been appointed even after a tenure of 2 years. This has destabilized the Supreme Court as gaps have been left. Public trust has been lost and the minority does not see any need to seek a relief of the court. The attitudes and moods of many Supreme Court justices have been seen to shift regularly and significantly ov er time. Literature on public opinion on judicial decision making has suggested that judicial attitudes and changes in moods do reflect external social forces. However, attitudinal changes may be common among the justices as it is contrary thought. In the United States, the Courts mandate and the power to strike down the set laws and regulations expounds why this institution has received much criticism as an anti-democratic Court. An American scholar, Alexander Bickel from Yale, once supported this hypothesis and said that the Supreme Court was a deviant institution in the democracy of America (Rossum, 2001, p 56). It is an enemy of democracy as it exercises control against the prevailing majority which is contrary to the basics of democracy. At the beginning of the Republic, the Supreme Court was weaker than the president and the Congress. It observed a lot of care to win the faith of the public by passing only two federal laws between 1803 and 1857. The words of Justice Sandra Day Connor, that the judicial independence was under threat of influence by the powerful, have come to pass. Those who framed the U.S constitution expressed their reservations that the Supreme Court will one day be a threat to democracy (Yalof & Dautrich, 2013, 89). This is because it was seen as an institution that lacked money and soldiers to enforce its decrees. They also refuted the idea that the Court was inherently anti-democratic. If the Court would strike down the state and federal laws, it will be promoting democracy rather than thwarting it. The Court has been on the opposite side of the perceived will of those who framed the U.S constitution. In summary, the U.S citizens have accepted a large duty of the judicial branch in its undemocratic nature. The inherent mistrust of concentrated, seemingly unlimited authority, has given many American citizens a pause. A constitutional amendment, despite its complex nature of changing it, is welcome to reform the Supreme Court. Any inst itution, which is an enemy of democracy, is also an enemy of the people. It is very dangerous for people to trust an institution which will eventually turn them down. The status quo of the U.S Supreme Court cannot propel the democracy of Americans to any notch higher. A judicial system should be nonpartisan and should consider the effect of

How to Replace the LCD Screen in a Laptop Assignment

How to Replace the LCD Screen in a Laptop - Assignment Example The manual also enable the technician to understand how the system works. This manual outlines the steps followed when changing a laptop LCD screen. The first part gives instruction on how to remove the LCD screen while the second part shows how to assemble the laptop This is the first and the most important step. Different manufacturers have different methods of assembling the LCD screen. It is necessary to go through the laptop manual to identify the requirement for opening the laptop and its internal structure. Before opening the laptop, all the power cables should be disconnected. This prevents the risk of shock and also prevents the computer from short circuit which damages the mother board, the processor and other gadgets. Remove the laptop battery, this battery is located at the side where the LCD screen is hinged to the main laptop body. Removing the battery ensures no damage of the delicate electronic circuitry of the laptop. Remove the rubber seals at the all the sides of the laptop screen. These rubber seals can be identified readily as they are in the form of rubber projection. In some laptop designs, countersunk bolts are used without a rubber seal cover. These bolts can be seen by carefully observing the edges. Removing the seal exposes the bolts. A sharp object is used to remove the seals. Figure 2 showing the removal of the rubber seals. ... 7 July 2009 http://www.fonerbooks.com/laptop_6.htm ) (D)Remove the rubber seal Remove the rubber seals at the all the sides of the laptop screen. These rubber seals can be identified readily as they are in the form of rubber projection. In some laptop designs, countersunk bolts are used without a rubber seal cover. These bolts can be seen by carefully observing the edges. Removing the seal exposes the bolts. A sharp object is used to remove the seals. Figure 2 showing the removal of the rubber seals. (Adapted from Fona Books. Dell Laptop Screen Repair - Illustrated how to replace a Latitude notebook backlight and LCD. 2009 7 July 2009 http://www.fonerbooks.com/laptop_6.htm ) (E) Unscrew the bolts Unscrew the exposed bolt. Use a Phillips 'star' screw driver. Keep the bolts in a safe place as they will be used when the set is reassembled. It is important to check position of each screw as some are not the same size. Picture 3 showing unscrewing of the bolts during laptop repair (Adapted from: Fona Books. Replacing LCD Laptop Screen - Illustrated how to replace a laptop screen on PowerBook 180.2009. 7 July 2009 http://www.fonerbooks.com/laptop_6.htm ) (G)Remove the front and side seals Adapted from: Fona Books. Replacing LCD Laptop Screen - Illustrated how to replace a laptop screen on PowerBook 180.2009. 7 July 2009 http://www.fonerbooks.com/laptop_6.htm Remove the side seal; this exposes more bolts, again take note of the bolts positions. Different bolts used have differing lengths and thread types. (H)Removing the LCD bezel Remove the LCD bezel. Do this by wriggling the bezel so that it is released by the latches. Latches are made of plastic. Unhook the bezel from latches

Network and Internet Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Network and Internet Security - Essay Example A Shared Secret is a provisional access code that a company needs to generate a Portal trade Account in the eManifest Portal. The CBSA offers it to businesses that demand contact to the Portal and must be applied within 90 days of the issue time. The Shared Secret comes in handy to substantiate and validate a customer when generating an eManifest Portal company Account. Only the CBSA and the certified representative of the business have contact to this information. The Kerberos protocol is planned to present steadfast verification over open and unprotected networks where communications linking the hosts belonging to it may tempered. Nevertheless, one should be aware that Kerberos does not grant any guarantees if the machines in use are susceptible: the validation servers, submission servers and customers must be kept continuously updated so that the legitimacy of the requesting users and suppliers can be guaranteed. Kerberos protocol endeavors to avert the client's password from bein g maintained in its unencrypted mode, even in the verification server database. Bearing in mind that every encryption algorithm applies its individual key length, it is apparent that, if the consumer is not to be required to use a diverse password of a preset size for each encryption technique supported, the encryption keys cannot be the passwords. For these bases the string2key application has been introduced. It transforms an unencrypted code word into an encryption key appropriate for the sort of encryption to be utilized. This function is referred every time a user alters code word or enters it for verification. The string2key is coined as a hash function, implying that it is permanent: given that an encryption key cannot establish the secret word which created it. One-time password verification scheme (OTP). The system offers authentication for system access and further applications entail authentication, which is sheltered against flaccid attacks based on rerunning held reusab le passwords. OTP developed from the S/KEY: a brand name of Bellcore. The utilization of the OTP method only present buffers against replay aggression. It does not grant the seclusion of transmitted information, and neither does it guard against active attacks. Active aggression against TCP connections are identified to be there in the contemporary Internet (Kling, 1996). The triumph of the OTP system to guard host systems is reliant on the non-invertability of the protected hash functions applied (Carver, 2007). None of the hash algorithms have ever since been wrecked, but it is usually assumed that MD4 is less strong compared to MD5. If a server supports several hash algorithms, it is merely as protected as the weakest algorithm. There are two methods of productively and safely implementation of OTP tokens: structural design of the token execution and physical safety of the tokens. Regarding architecture, the first reflection is placement of the token in the system. The most secur e application of OTP tokens is for logging in at workplaces locally or for reaching an internal network after a firewall. In an in-house network, whereby all servers are under watch (distinct from the open Internet) an MITM (Man in the Middle) assault is not as probable (Neuman, 2008). However SSL alone can't prevent a man-in-the-middle assault. SSL with joint authentication in place can offer some defense since both

Social Security Program (SSP) Essay Example for Free

Social Security Program (SSP) Essay Summary As Social Security Program (SSP) is projected to be in deficit in the near future, there is a proposal to privatized SSP and giving workers the chance to invest their payroll taxes to investment opportunities with higher return.   However, it is barred by four major alternatives; namely, current system, tax increase, benefit cuts, and government-led investing.   It is found that privatization approach combined all the advantageous feature of the major alternatives and most importantly providing greater autonomy and worker satisfaction in the long-run.    As a result, it is recommended that further discussion must be opened to public, expert and politician debates to concretize privatization strength and also its weaknesses.   Introduction Officially referred as Old-Age Survivors and Disability Insurance (OASDI), SSP is a payroll tax funded social insurance program of the US.   In 2005, there is a proposal from President Bush to upgrade the current SSP by splitting the benefits to be shouldered by the Government and the benefits to be shouldered by the retirees themselves.   It calls for Thrift Savings Plan-like investment opportunities observed in Government workers which can be channeled to several investing options in bonds and securities market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bush plan intends to divert part of payroll taxes to private social security accounts.   Democrats disagreed and assure that the Trust Fund is in good form until 2042.   Social Security and Medicare are two primary important national issues among voters.   The pay-as-you-go scheme is the current strategy of the SSP which makes current retirees beneficiaries of current taxpayers.   Also, due to this scheme, the proceeds from payroll taxes surpassed disbursements for two consecutive decades.   As a result, these surpluses are being diverted to other Congressional projects other than SSP.   As early as 2018, however, the surpluses would turn out to be deficits because of the fund diversion.   Analysis Creation of private accounts is argued to minimize long-term liabilities on one hand while this benefit could have short-run difficulties on the other.   The former is supported through the ability of private accounts to reduce payment to future retirees (e.g. the invested amount and interest).   The latter, however, recognized the tendency of those accounts to lengthen in the investment pot as prospective retirees suspend from going out the labor force.   As a result, the pre-retirement period will finance payment through a fund that suffers from a deficit (e.g. revenues/ payroll taxes are less than expenses/ retirement benefits).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The surpluses since1983 are invested in US Treasury Bonds and gained at least $1.8 Trillion in 2005.   The importance of this figure would supposedly be eminent as there are forecasts that expenses will exceed revenues in the coming years.   However, the truth is that the Government is merely borrowing those surpluses to reduce budget deficits.   When the Trust Fund demands redemption, this would result to problematic scenarios such as increase in taxes, postponing of projects, rising debt and selling state properties.   This is the cause of turmoil on how to curb SSP direction.   If no action is done, the Trust Fund is bound to exhaust between 2042 and 2052 with emergency financing is only capable to cover at most 75% of SSP expenses. There is also a lobby to increase quality of life of retirees by raising the rate of return of the SSP contributions in level with interest paid via Government borrowing.   Although the proposal of President Bush addresses part of this, there is suspicion that the privatization strategy is tarnished by libertarian principles against redistribution of state income.   In 1980s, a single-earner couple would receive at least 7% return to their SSP investment.   In contrast, similar couples who are bound to retire in 2010 would only expect an earning of 3.6% return.   There are three elements of such plunge; namely, the aging workforce, rise of total benefits and minimal investment exposure of the Trust Fund.   The third element is vital to the concept of conservative investing as SSP is a means for retirees to remain independent in terms of financial support and be empowered regardless of age.   Findings Privatization provides the future retirees to shoulder investment risks and channel their contributions based on their return expectation.   They are benefited because customized needs will be addressed and retiree satisfaction is optimized.   In macroeconomic terms, it can trigger increase in wealth of retirees that can trickle down to rise in consumer spending which can lead to economic expansion.   In contrary to the current SSP, however, privatization houses moral hazards because excessive risks that will be confronted by individuals can proceed to investment crash.   The current system is characterized by lower risks and management costs compared to the possibility of zero returns and reduction of principal in privatization.   As the current system is bound for bankruptcy, it is aggravated by high payroll taxes, poor return and discrimination against women, low-waged and minority workers.   However, it minimizes the issues of insolvency that privatization failed to r esolve. Along with the current system, there are three non-privatization alternatives with regards to SSP; namely, tax increases, reduction of benefits and obtainment of greater return by real capital asset investing.   Increasing tax rates is supported by the research that US citizens are willing to pay indefinite amount of tax as long as it targets appropriate programs in which apparently Social Security is inclusive.   Further, it is projected that in the near future gross domestic product or GDP will outgrow Social Security taxes by at least 10% caused by pressures of aging population. To save the solvency of SSP from 2016 forecasted deficit, tax rise should meet $103 per worker and by 2030 such increase is required to hit $1,543 per worker.   In this course, adverse effects of tax increase option will result such as reduction in jobs as well as slower economic growth.   There will be also less incentive for workers to work because their Social Security contributions are viewed as pure tax rather as investment that they will receive when they retire. The second option is benefit cut.   One advantage of this is that retirees would be able to receive greater face value even after the reduction of benefits because the payment is done periodically. The privatization alternative also offers benefit cuts but on extreme terms such as ad adjustment of benefit indexing formula with inclusion of adjusted wage productivity and setting a non-greater-than inflation rate ceiling for rising benefits.   The benefit cut option will most likely follow the economic growth to prevent adverse economic impacts.   Specifically, the current SSP plan of increasing the benefits should be lowered to 3%.   Considering excessive benefit cuts of privatization approach, some analysts believed that reduction or even eradicating spouse benefits can be employed.   This strategy is said to solve the issue of small-wage earners. The third alternative is government-led investing by which the state will have the discretion of putting the money from the SSP to private assets.   Privatization also allows this feature with the difference of decision-maker who will make the call which is the workers themselves through creation of private accounts.   Government-led investing reduces the probability of individual workers to manager their finances on sub-optimal and risky manner.   It addresses the lacking of the current system for higher returns with limitation of risks from private accounts.   Potential retirees can enjoy greater returns on one hand and minimal risks on the other.   However, there is bottleneck on this approach. One of the major hurdles is that the substantial finance eminent in SSP can buy a major stake on US companies.   In effect, the negative image of Government agencies and even politicians can mix in corporate world.   Conclusion There is what analysts called ostrich method that supports the current system.   It challenges the very extreme view in projecting the insolvency of SSP.   For example, the growing economy will pus wages and payroll taxes up that can sustain the needs of the Trust Fund.   However, not only solvency issues are important at this stage of US economy.   Apart from the fact that unmet levels of economic growth yet experienced by the country is required to maintain SSP in the decades to come, there are issues of higher rate of return, elimination of minority and women life expectancy-to-benefit inequalities, greater opportunities for wealth creation and absence of right to benefits (e.g. lack of property ownership of contributors). When workers are able to invest their Social Security taxes on their own terms and choosing, it provides sense of ownership and control to their finances and necessarily results to addressing the issues cited in the preceding statement.   Seemingly, privatization is a better option compared to the three alternatives including the option of retaining the current system.   Recommendation It is recommended that the Government should execute due diligence going to final decision on how SSP will be managed.   The public must get involve with deliberations of economic, political and historical experts with authorities and the President on top of the discussion.   This effort would not be very demanding to them as Social Security is one of the most important national issues for US citizens and can serve as the primary source of politicians vote in coming elections.   With relevance on the household and national levels, SSP resolution would be a mere part of US challenge to sustainable growth.   References Anrig, G. (unknown). 10 Myths abut social security, The Century Foundation. Cox, W. (2005). An alternative to the destruction of social security, Online Journal. Lochhead, C. (2005). Bush’s social security proposal takes a hit: GAO finds problems with privatization, Chronicle Washington Bureau. Tanner, M. (2002). No second best: the unappetizing alternatives to social security privatization [Internet].

Essay --

What is Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is brain disorder that makes it hard to see the difference between reality and imagination, have normal emotional responses, and act normal in social situations. Schizophrenia is relatively young, it has only been around for less than 100 years. It was first discovered by Dr. Emile Kraeplin in 1887. He believed it was a mental illness. A few documents take Schizophrenia’s origins back to Egypt during the Pharaoh’s rule around 1550 B.C. People originally thought schizophrenia was simply madness, and usually associated it with madness, even though it is quite different from madness. Symptoms of this disease include Positive symptoms, which are: hallucinations, or things that someone can see, feel, smell, or hear that do not really exist. Many people hear voices inside their heads, see people that are not there, or smell odors no one else smells. Delusions are another symptom, also known as bizarre beliefs, these may include paranoid de lusions also, which are delusions that tell the person that others are trying to hurt them. Thought Disorders are a symptom in which the person thinks unusually or dysfunctionally. Movement disorders may be present in schizophrenic people, they may seem like twitches or small, sharp, and sudden movements. Schizophrenia’s â€Å"negative symptoms† are harder to recognize. These include the flat affect, in which the persons face doesn’t move and the voice is droning. The lack of pleasure in life is another once, along with the lack of ability to start and sustain activities, and little speech. These symptoms prevent or block the person from living a normal life because they cause social, physical, and emotional, and mental problems. This may lead to psychosis, insanity, or ... ...ients that suffer severe symptoms. The most common treatment is a combination of medicine and therapy. Where the patient engages in individual psychotherapy with a therapist, rehabilitation, family education, or self help groups. These therapies usually help people cope with schizophrenia and its effects. At this time there is no cure for schizophrenia, there are very effective treatments and medications. Research is being conducted to help scientists understand the disorder better and is being used to try to treat schizophrenia permanently. The only way this is possible is with the use of new treatments, such as new experimental drugs and electrotherapy. No treatments today are preventative nor do they permanently â€Å"cure† schizophrenia, but we can look to the bright future for the development of a new treatment option that could potentially fully cure schizophrenia.

Free Essays - Tale of Two Cities :: Tale Two Cities Essays

  Tale of two Cities      In the fictitious novel Tale of Two Cities, the author, Charles Dickens lays out a brilliant plot. Charles Dickens was born in England on February 7, 1812 nears the south coast. His family moved to London when he was ten years old and quickly went into debt. To help support him, Charles went to work at a blacking warehouse when he was twelve. His father was soon imprisoned for debt and shortly thereafter the rest of the family split apart. Charles continued to work at the blacking warehouse even after his father inherited some money and got out of prison. When he was thirteen, Dickens went back to school for two years. He later learned shorthand and became a freelance court reporter. He started out as a journalist at the age of twenty and later wrote his first novel, The Pickwick Papers. He went on to write many other novels, including Tale of Two Cities in 1859.   Tale of Two Cities takes place in France and England during the troubled times of the French Revolution. There are travels by the characters between the countries, but most of the action takes place in Paris, France. The wineshop in Paris is the hot spot for the French revolutionists, mostly because the wineshop owner, Ernest Defarge, and his wife, Madame Defarge, are key leaders and officials of the revolution. Action in the book is scattered out in many places; such as the Bastille, Tellson's Bank, the home of the Manettes, and largely, the streets of Paris. These places help to introduce many characters into the plot.   One of the main characters, Madame Therese Defarge, is a major antagonist who seeks revenge, being a key revolutionist. She is very stubborn and unforgiving in her cunning scheme of revenge on the Evermonde family. Throughout the story, she knits shrouds for the intended victims of the revolution. Charles Darnay, one of whom Mrs. Defarge is seeking revenge, is constantly being put on the stand and wants no part of his own lineage. He is a languid protagonist and has a tendency to get arrested and must be bailed out several times during the story. Dr. Alexander Manette, a veteran prisoner of the Bastille and moderate protagonist, cannot escape the memory of being held and sometimes relapses to cobbling shoes. Dr. Manette is somewhat redundant as a character in the novel, but plays a very significant part in the plot.

Creative Arts Essay

This lecture enhances the creativity of the students by cultivating their interest in music. Various activities using different mediums like listening to CDs or watching musical shows help in having a better understanding of the lecture. Though the lecture may seem filled with fun activities, the lecture also focuses on teaching about the technical terms commonly used in studying music. Analysis In this lecture, I have learned that it is important to have interaction with the students in order to determine their learning progress. Also, having an activity that would sum all the lectures would be beneficial in measuring the student’s learning curve. Week 1 Visual Arts Description The teaching strategy used to teach the visual arts is methodical wherein the basic ideas are introduced about visual arts followed by an activity to put into practice what the students learned in class. More so, to teach kids about visual arts, use examples that theu can easily relate like cartoons or anything that is related to the interest of children. Meanwhile, for an older audience, use images or samples that apply to their generation so that they can quickly understand the lesson. Analysis Going through the lesson plan, I have noticed that beyond the explanation of basic visual art terminologies and the description of numerous artworks, art appreciation was also included. Art can be very subjective so the interpretation of a piece of art can be derived from one’s opinion. Because of this art appreciation can be very limited but by teaching the objective and academic way of assessing artworks, ordinary people can obtain a better understanding and respect for the world of visual arts. Week 4 Dance Description This lecture shows how and why students should learn the art of dancing. I personally like the part that encourages students to craft their own moves to express their knowledge and judgment about dancing. Through this, one can really value the importance of this art form in a particular culture. Analysis I have learned that dancing can enhance or stimulate several types of intelligence including visual-spatial, interpersonal and others. Also, I have realized that dancing is not just movement but it also help in boosting self-esteem and enhancing social skills. Week 6 Drama Description Teaching drama requires focus and self-discovery. Students can use words or images to invoke emotions. To do this, one still needs to conduct research in order to realistically play a specific role. Also, it would be better to perform in front of other people so that you will be given criticisms on how to improve your acting skills. This will also be an opportunity to interact with other actors. Analysis Prior to reading this lecture, I have always associated drama with just acting out roles like what I see in the movies and television programs. Drama is more than what it seems. It involves a lot of concentration, dedication and understanding about different things in life. More so, every part of the body is used in this art form to convey a message or a story. Week 10 Arts and Literacy Description This lecture provides provide children with holistic and meaningful learning experiences. It uses integration to make the change from learning facts to understanding and applying concepts to developing generic skills for living and working. Analysis I think syntegration is a great way to teach arts and literacy. This is a process wherein subjects are working together synergistically to explore a theme, concept or focus question, while achieving their own outcomes as well as generic outcomes. Through this, students are able to value and fully appreciate what they learn in class. Week 11 Thematic Integration Learning Description A simple element like the colors of the rainbow can be used to learn about the different forms of art. Through definition and application, students can determine how to relate one form of art to another. Analysis I like the idea of having different stages in learning. First by exploring, then followed by developing the skills involved and lastly would be reflecting on the end results. Through this, students can have the freedom to discover things at their own space and they can interpret their findings based on their own opinions. This teaching strategy is simple and direct but it is a very effective learning tool.

Feminism Essay

Feminist ideas of freedom suggest that outside social forces that are repressive can corrupt an individual’s desires and limits their thinking abilities. Jean Grimshaw was a feminist philosopher who analyzed this concept. Grimshaw with other feminists believed that these repressive forces come from male domination in society. Questions about the self are important to feminists because they are constantly trying to figure out a woman’s autonomy. Feminist philosophers have come up with many approaches to the self. Jean Grimshaw goes back to an argument from Aristotle. Aristotle questions what makes people do things voluntarily and out of free will. Aristotle says that that actions that originate from inside the self are desires or intentions and actions that originate from outside are not. Jean Grimshaw however questions whether those desires that come from outside are not really one’s own desires. There is a constant conflict between internal and external constraints. Feminist authors such as Mary Daly, Marilyn Frye and Kate Millet wrote books on how women have been conditioned in their thinking by men, therefore cannot have their own desires. Feminists agree that women are deprived of their free will because men treat them as robots and this changes a woman’s personality. Based on the books of these three authors there is many things to conclude about the self. The self is aware of its interests, it is altered because of the interference of male domination and the only way to really have a true self is to fight against those social effects of domination. A woman must understand the changes they are going through by men in society in order to reveal the self. I believe that if someone is constantly thinking that there are outside forces that disable form being they they must change that. If the male society undermines women, and women continue to accept it then they are not following their own desires. One must understand the constraints that they are dealing with in order to make independent choices to be liberated.

Life and Hills like White Elephants Essay

The life of Ernest Hemingway can be roughly described as turbulent as he previously led a tumultuous social life and has had a complicated marital relationship (Raeburn, p. 207). Although he has won for himself numerous awards in literature, the life of Hemingway remained blemished by his multiple relationships as well as the physical and mental difficulties he suffered from (Donaldson, p. 691). He was also treated in a mental hospital and received medical attention for severe depression. In the end, Hemingway committed suicide by tripping the trigger of his double barreled shotgun which immediately took away his life. The personal experiences of Ernest Hemingway have largely contributed to some of his major literary works. For example, For Whom the Bell Tolls echoes that of a not-so-distant memory of Hemingway, specifically the time when he had to part ways from his home in order to fulfill his job, boarding and leaving with the train while his father watched the train disappear in the distance (Reynolds, p. 600). In his A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway appears to relieve his previous experiences as an ambulance driver, a member of the personnel for the canteen duties which meant distributing food for the soldiers in the battlefield, and a short-lived affair with a woman named Agnes von Kurowsky during the First World War. All these things and a lot more indicate the presumption that the works of Hemingway are largely influenced by his experiences. And this most likely holds true to his short story â€Å"Hills like White Elephants†. As the story revolves around two characters—an unnamed American and a woman named Jig—Hemingway appears to employ the Iceberg Theory by writing just a little about the explicit messages and allowing the reader to divulge with what is indirectly written in the story. Thus, a thorough reading of â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† will lead the reader to the understanding that there is more than what meets the eyes. Apparently, the short story is about an American and Jig where the American appears to convince the woman to commit abortion. Perhaps the primary reason why the American is persuading the woman to abort the child is because the man is afraid to lose the liberty or freedom from an imminent parental responsibility. In a sense, the ‘child’ whom the man wants to be aborted is comparable to a ‘white elephant’, at least in the understanding of the American. White elephants are considered to be sacred and symbolize justice in Southeast Asian monarchies although on the other hand these elephants come with a costly price in terms of its upkeep (Martin). Hence, white elephants are considered to be either a blessing or a curse, or even both. The ‘child’, like white elephants, is seen by Jig as a blessing whereas the child is seen by the American as a burden or a ‘curse’. â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† can be interpreted in many ways as resembling the life, or a significant fraction thereof, of Hemingway’s life. In essence, the short story is reminiscent of the destructive situations faced by couples with marital bonds, specifically the conflicting decisions being pushed through by both sides. This, too, is reminiscent of the multiple relationships Hemingway had in the past wherein he was involved in such numerous affairs while being married. For instance, Hemingway’s marital relationship with Elizabeth Hadley Richardson came to an end wherein Elizabeth divorced Hemingway after discovering his affair with Pauline Pfeiffer. A short time after his divorce with Elizabeth, Hemingway married Pauline. Prior to the time when his short story â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† was first published in 1927, Hemingway already had two wives, with the first wife divorced. But prior to the divorce, as Elizabeth found out about Hemingway’s affair, she decided to tell him to stay away from Pauline for six months. Only after that time if he knew he was still in love with Pauline will Elizabeth give Hemingway a divorce. That very instance where Hemingway had to decide for himself the outcome of his marriage with Elizabeth and his affair with Pauline reminds us of the essence of â€Å"Hills like White Elephants†. For the most part, whether or not Hemingway will keep his marriage with Elizabeth must have depended on his comprehension of it as either a burden or a blessing. The same most likely holds true to his affair with Pauline. The delicate situation wherein Hemingway had to consider whether one of his relationships is a burden or a blessing is quite synonymous to the essence of the situation faced by the American and Jig in Hemingway’s short story. The analogy tells us that, far from being a mere mental construct, â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† is a short story that strongly reflects the perception of the author. Since Hemingway is keen to use the Iceberg Theory where what the reader is only able to immediately absorb are the explicit contents of the story (Halliday, p. 1), it must have been the case that â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† functions like a window where the reader can take a closer look at the life of Ernest Hemingway. Works Cited Donaldson, S. (1982). The Wooing of Ernest Hemingway. American Literature, 53(4), 691. Halliday, E. M. (1956). Hemingway’s Ambiguity: Symbolism and Irony. American Literature, 28(1), 1. Martin, G. (1996). A white elephant. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. phrases. org. uk/meanings/410050. html Raeburn, J. (1989). Skirting the Hemingway Legend. American Literary History, 1(1), 207. Reynolds, M. S. (1985). Hemingway’s Home: Depression and Suicide. American Literature, 57(4), 600.

Gender Inequality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender Inequality - Research Paper Example Gender inequality in the workplace particularly has disastrous effects on the overall organization because the more stressful the working environment is the less effective is exhibited by employees. Between the years 1940 to 1995, a large number of women entered the labor force but unfortunately their exposure resulted in a whole new set of inequality problems. Unfortunately, inequality is also prevalent in the US government where men hold more than 85% of the elected positions and about 95% of the corporate executives are also males. On the other hand, women occupy two-thirds of the poor adult population. A substantial amount of the women population is still insecure because of problems such as sexual violence, occupational inequalities and feminization of poverty, continues to threaten them. We have encouraged women to pursue occupations once reserved only for their counterparts yet we have not encouraged men to follow traditional roles performed by women. Therefore, women continue to withstand the burden of undertaking family up bringing which inevitably limits the role they can play in the outside world. Therefore, it signifies that women are capable of contributing extensively towards economic and social development but their traditional responsibilities limit their capabilities. Despite the gender disparities that exist in our society, most of us do not consider it a serious problem and this is the very reason why the paradoxical legacy of inequality continues to plague our nation. (Rhode 2000). Our youth and adults feel comfortable discussing certain sexual issues such as sexual preferences, sexual relationships and sexual deviance but we feel uncomfortable discussing sexual inequality and its implications. In most conversations, the topic of sexual inequality is treated as an intruder which in most cases us unwelcomed. Ironically, most women’s rights activists fail to realize the fact that it’s about time we stopped discussing inequality, instead we need to act now and wage a war to eliminate it. On the other hand, we have only a handful of activists working to elevate the position of women which is another reason why the problem of gender inequality is so deep rooted. Despite the fact that women are continuously subjected to juvenile and benevolent sexism, only a quarter of the American women population believes that

Gender and sex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gender and sex - Essay Example A term associated with describing gender roles is androgyny- denoting the display of both male and female behaviour. A number of terms have emerged portraying behaviors arising in this context. For instance, the "sensitive new age guy" is described as a traditional male gender role with a more typically "female" empathy and correlated emotional qualities. The "metrosexual male" adopts or claims to be born with similarly "female" grooming habits. This have given rise to arguments in various quarters that such new roles are mere rebellion against tradition and hence do not form a distinct role. Sociological research points out that the conventional feminine gender roles have become less relevant in Western societies. This trend is attributed to the starting of industrialization. Indeed, the notion that women do not follow a career no more valid in a majority of Western and many of the Oriental societies.For a long time now, gender roles have occupied a central place in the nature-nurture debate. Traditional theories argue that a person's gender identity, and thus gender role, is a product of nature. For instance, in patriarchal societies it is often claimed that women are naturally better placed to nurture children. Various circles in the scientific community have come to support the concept that differences in gender roles originate in differences in biology. Many nineteenth century anthropologists refer to the life of primitive hunter- gatherer societies for evolutionary explanations for gender differences. For instance, they assert that the need to take care of offspring may have limited the females' freedom to hunt and hence assume the role of the gatherer. Current trends in...Crises demand the kinds of strength and intelligence associated with hunting. Fleeing a natural disaster or fighting a band of attackers requires strength, speed, and strategic thinking. In wake of such situations, people naturally follow and rely on those who are physically strong and strategically intelligent. These leaders are usually males. Repeated and frequent crises have a severe impact on the social organization of communities. There are anthropological and archaeological evidence, which indicate that in times of prosperity hunting-gathering communities tended to organize around groups of related females. Egalitarian collaboration was the norm in such communities. Frequent crises resulted in organization around strong and strategically intelligent males not only during the crises, but also at other times. This hierarchical organization tended to exist side by side with, be overlaid on, and to intertwine wi th the egalitarian one. Thus, for instance, in villages, most casual everyday encounters were egalitarian, but people made formal decisions affecting the whole tribe only in meetings ruled over by a male leader and in which elite males exercised more power than do females. It may be inferred that gender roles are mainly conditioned by social value systems. Men and women are made to behave the way they are. Right from childhood, men are expected to grow up to be powerful, encouraged better for careers. They are expected to be tough, independent, demanding, aggressive, good problem-solvers, and so on.